diff --git a/src/server/i18n.h b/src/server/i18n.h
index e1cbcc68f..79005b721 100644
--- a/src/server/i18n.h
+++ b/src/server/i18n.h
@@ -111,6 +111,12 @@ private: // data
   const Parameters  params;
 };
 
+inline ParameterizedMessage nonParameterizedMessage(const std::string& msgId)
+{
+  const ParameterizedMessage::Parameters noParams;
+  return ParameterizedMessage(msgId, noParams);
+}
+
 struct LangPreference
 {
   const std::string lang;
diff --git a/src/server/internalServer.cpp b/src/server/internalServer.cpp
index c8446cb17..72b71b044 100644
--- a/src/server/internalServer.cpp
+++ b/src/server/internalServer.cpp
@@ -190,12 +190,6 @@ ParameterizedMessage tooManyBooksMsg(size_t nbBooks, size_t limit)
   );
 }
 
-ParameterizedMessage nonParameterizedMessage(const std::string& msgId)
-{
-  const ParameterizedMessage::Parameters noParams;
-  return ParameterizedMessage(msgId, noParams);
-}
-
 struct Error : public std::runtime_error {
   explicit Error(const ParameterizedMessage& message)
     : std::runtime_error("Error while handling request"),
@@ -564,7 +558,7 @@ MHD_Result InternalServer::handlerCallback(struct MHD_Connection* connection,
     response->set_etag_body(getLibraryId());
   }
 
-  auto ret = response->send(request, connection);
+  auto ret = response->send(request, m_verbose.load(), connection);
   auto end_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
   auto time_span = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(end_time - start_time);
   if (m_verbose.load()) {
@@ -593,20 +587,19 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_request(const RequestContext& r
 {
   try {
     if (! request.is_valid_url()) {
-      return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-             + urlNotFoundMsg;
+      return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
     }
 
     if ( request.get_url() == "" ) {
       // Redirect /ROOT_LOCATION to /ROOT_LOCATION/ (note the added slash)
       // so that relative URLs are resolved correctly
       const std::string query = getSearchComponent(request);
-      return Response::build_redirect(*this, m_root + "/" + query);
+      return Response::build_redirect(m_root + "/" + query);
     }
 
     const ETag etag = get_matching_if_none_match_etag(request, getLibraryId());
     if ( etag )
-      return Response::build_304(*this, etag);
+      return Response::build_304(etag);
 
     const auto url = request.get_url();
     if ( isLocallyCustomizedResource(url) )
@@ -647,15 +640,15 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_request(const RequestContext& r
 
     const std::string contentUrl = m_root + "/content" + urlEncode(url);
     const std::string query = getSearchComponent(request);
-    return Response::build_redirect(*this, contentUrl + query);
+    return Response::build_redirect(contentUrl + query);
   } catch (std::exception& e) {
     fprintf(stderr, "===== Unhandled error : %s\n", e.what());
-    return HTTP500Response(*this, request)
-         + e.what();
+    return HTTP500Response(request)
+         + ParameterizedMessage("non-translated-text", {{"MSG", e.what()}});
   } catch (...) {
     fprintf(stderr, "===== Unhandled unknown error\n");
-    return HTTP500Response(*this, request)
-         + "Unknown error";
+    return HTTP500Response(request)
+         + nonParameterizedMessage("unknown-error");
   }
 }
 
@@ -668,7 +661,7 @@ MustacheData InternalServer::get_default_data() const
 
 std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::build_homepage(const RequestContext& request)
 {
-  return ContentResponse::build(*this, m_indexTemplateString, get_default_data(), "text/html; charset=utf-8");
+  return ContentResponse::build(m_indexTemplateString, get_default_data(), "text/html; charset=utf-8");
 }
 
 /**
@@ -697,8 +690,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_suggest(const RequestContext& r
   }
 
   if ( startsWith(request.get_url(), "/suggest/") ) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   std::string bookName, bookId;
@@ -712,7 +704,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_suggest(const RequestContext& r
   }
 
   if (archive == nullptr) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
+    return HTTP404Response(request)
            + noSuchBookErrorMsg(bookName);
   }
 
@@ -747,7 +739,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_suggest(const RequestContext& r
     results.addFTSearchSuggestion(request.get_user_language(), queryString);
   }
 
-  return ContentResponse::build(*this, results.getJSON(), "application/json; charset=utf-8");
+  return ContentResponse::build(results.getJSON(), "application/json; charset=utf-8");
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_viewer_settings(const RequestContext& request)
@@ -762,7 +754,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_viewer_settings(const RequestCo
     {"enable_library_button", m_withLibraryButton ? "true" : "false" },
     {"default_user_language", request.get_user_language() }
   };
-  return ContentResponse::build(*this, RESOURCE::templates::viewer_settings_js, data, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8");
+  return ContentResponse::build(RESOURCE::templates::viewer_settings_js, data, "application/javascript; charset=utf-8");
 }
 
 std::string InternalServer::getNoJSDownloadPageHTML(const std::string& bookId, const std::string& userLang) const
@@ -817,19 +809,13 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_no_js(const RequestContext& req
       const auto bookId = mp_nameMapper->getIdForName(urlParts[2]);
       content = getNoJSDownloadPageHTML(bookId, userLang);
     } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
-      return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+      return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
     }
   } else {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
-  return ContentResponse::build(
-             *this,
-             content,
-             "text/html; charset=utf-8"
-  );
+  return ContentResponse::build(content, "text/html; charset=utf-8");
 }
 
 namespace
@@ -867,14 +853,12 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_skin(const RequestContext& requ
   try {
     const auto accessType = staticResourceAccessType(request, resourceCacheId);
     auto response = ContentResponse::build(
-        *this,
         getResource(resourceName),
         getMimeTypeForFile(resourceName));
     response->set_kind(accessType);
     return std::move(response);
   } catch (const ResourceNotFound& e) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 }
 
@@ -887,20 +871,17 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_search(const RequestContext& re
   if ( startsWith(request.get_url(), "/search/") ) {
     if (request.get_url() == "/search/searchdescription.xml") {
       return ContentResponse::build(
-        *this,
         RESOURCE::ft_opensearchdescription_xml,
         get_default_data(),
         "application/opensearchdescription+xml");
     }
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   try {
     return handle_search_request(request);
   } catch (const Error& e) {
-    return HTTP400Response(*this, request)
-      + invalidUrlMsg
+    return HTTP400Response(request)
       + e.message();
   }
 }
@@ -942,7 +923,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_search_request(const RequestCon
     // Searcher->search will throw a runtime error if there is no valid xapian database to do the search.
     // (in case of zim file not containing a index)
     const auto cssUrl = renderUrl(m_root, RESOURCE::templates::url_of_search_results_css);
-    HTTPErrorResponse response(*this, request, MHD_HTTP_NOT_FOUND,
+    HTTPErrorResponse response(request, MHD_HTTP_NOT_FOUND,
                                "fulltext-search-unavailable",
                                "404-page-heading",
                                cssUrl);
@@ -972,13 +953,11 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_search_request(const RequestCon
   renderer.setPageLength(pageLength);
   if (request.get_requested_format() == "xml") {
     return ContentResponse::build(
-      *this,
       renderer.getXml(*mp_nameMapper, mp_library.get()),
       "application/rss+xml; charset=utf-8"
     );
   }
   auto response = ContentResponse::build(
-    *this,
     renderer.getHtml(*mp_nameMapper, mp_library.get()),
     "text/html; charset=utf-8"
   );
@@ -1001,8 +980,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_random(const RequestContext& re
   }
 
   if ( startsWith(request.get_url(), "/random/") ) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   std::string bookName;
@@ -1016,7 +994,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_random(const RequestContext& re
   }
 
   if (archive == nullptr) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
+    return HTTP404Response(request)
            + noSuchBookErrorMsg(bookName);
   }
 
@@ -1024,7 +1002,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_random(const RequestContext& re
     auto entry = archive->getRandomEntry();
     return build_redirect(bookName, getFinalItem(*archive, entry));
   } catch(zim::EntryNotFound& e) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
+    return HTTP404Response(request)
            + nonParameterizedMessage("random-article-failure");
   }
 }
@@ -1037,13 +1015,12 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_captured_external(const Request
   } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {}
 
   if (source.empty()) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   auto data = get_default_data();
   data.set("source", source);
-  return ContentResponse::build(*this, RESOURCE::templates::captured_external_html, data, "text/html; charset=utf-8");
+  return ContentResponse::build(RESOURCE::templates::captured_external_html, data, "text/html; charset=utf-8");
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catch(const RequestContext& request)
@@ -1056,8 +1033,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catch(const RequestContext& req
     return handle_captured_external(request);
   }
 
-  return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-         + urlNotFoundMsg;
+  return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
 }
 
 std::vector<std::string>
@@ -1117,7 +1093,7 @@ InternalServer::build_redirect(const std::string& bookName, const zim::Item& ite
 {
   const auto contentPath = "/content/" + bookName + "/" + item.getPath();
   const auto url = m_root + kiwix::urlEncode(contentPath);
-  return Response::build_redirect(*this, url);
+  return Response::build_redirect(url);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_content(const RequestContext& request)
@@ -1141,15 +1117,14 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_content(const RequestContext& r
 
   if (archive == nullptr) {
     const std::string searchURL = m_root + "/search?pattern=" + kiwix::urlEncode(pattern);
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request)
            + suggestSearchMsg(searchURL, kiwix::urlDecode(pattern));
   }
 
   const std::string archiveUuid(archive->getUuid());
   const ETag etag = get_matching_if_none_match_etag(request, archiveUuid);
   if ( etag )
-    return Response::build_304(*this, etag);
+    return Response::build_304(etag);
 
   auto urlStr = url.substr(prefixLength + bookName.size());
   if (urlStr[0] == '/') {
@@ -1168,7 +1143,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_content(const RequestContext& r
       //    '-' namespaces, in which case that resource is returned instead.
       return build_redirect(bookName, getFinalItem(*archive, entry));
     }
-    auto response = ItemResponse::build(*this, request, entry.getItem());
+    auto response = ItemResponse::build(request, entry.getItem());
     response->set_etag_body(archiveUuid);
 
     if ( !startsWith(entry.getItem().getMimetype(), "application/pdf") ) {
@@ -1189,8 +1164,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_content(const RequestContext& r
       printf("Failed to find %s\n", urlStr.c_str());
 
     std::string searchURL = m_root + "/search?content=" + bookName + "&pattern=" + kiwix::urlEncode(pattern);
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request)
            + suggestSearchMsg(searchURL, kiwix::urlDecode(pattern));
   }
 }
@@ -1208,13 +1182,11 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_raw(const RequestContext& reque
      bookName = request.get_url_part(1);
      kind = request.get_url_part(2);
   } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   if (kind != "meta" && kind!= "content") {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request)
            + invalidRawAccessMsg(kind);
   }
 
@@ -1225,15 +1197,14 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_raw(const RequestContext& reque
   } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {}
 
   if (archive == nullptr) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request)
            + noSuchBookErrorMsg(bookName);
   }
 
   const std::string archiveUuid(archive->getUuid());
   const ETag etag = get_matching_if_none_match_etag(request, archiveUuid);
   if ( etag )
-    return Response::build_304(*this, etag);
+    return Response::build_304(etag);
 
   // Remove the beggining of the path:
   // /raw/<bookName>/<kind>/foo
@@ -1244,7 +1215,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_raw(const RequestContext& reque
   try {
     if (kind == "meta") {
       auto item = archive->getMetadataItem(itemPath);
-      auto response = ItemResponse::build(*this, request, item);
+      auto response = ItemResponse::build(request, item);
       response->set_etag_body(archiveUuid);
       return response;
     } else {
@@ -1252,7 +1223,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_raw(const RequestContext& reque
       if (entry.isRedirect()) {
         return build_redirect(bookName, entry.getItem(true));
       }
-      auto response = ItemResponse::build(*this, request, entry.getItem());
+      auto response = ItemResponse::build(request, entry.getItem());
       response->set_etag_body(archiveUuid);
       return response;
     }
@@ -1260,8 +1231,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_raw(const RequestContext& reque
     if (m_verbose.load()) {
       printf("Failed to find %s\n", itemPath.c_str());
     }
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request)
            + rawEntryNotFoundMsg(kind, itemPath);
   }
 }
@@ -1286,12 +1256,10 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_locally_customized_resource(con
 
   auto byteRange = request.get_range().resolve(resourceData.size());
   if (byteRange.kind() != ByteRange::RESOLVED_FULL_CONTENT) {
-    return Response::build_416(*this, resourceData.size());
+    return Response::build_416(resourceData.size());
   }
 
-  return ContentResponse::build(*this,
-                                resourceData,
-                                crd.mimeType);
+  return ContentResponse::build(resourceData, crd.mimeType);
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/server/internalServer.h b/src/server/internalServer.h
index cdd7cebe2..53b39d986 100644
--- a/src/server/internalServer.h
+++ b/src/server/internalServer.h
@@ -188,10 +188,6 @@ class InternalServer {
 
     class CustomizedResources;
     std::unique_ptr<CustomizedResources> m_customizedResources;
-
-    friend std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build(const InternalServer& server);
-    friend std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse> ContentResponse::build(const InternalServer& server, const std::string& content, const std::string& mimetype);
-    friend std::unique_ptr<Response> ItemResponse::build(const InternalServer& server, const RequestContext& request, const zim::Item& item);
 };
 
 }
diff --git a/src/server/internalServer_catalog.cpp b/src/server/internalServer_catalog.cpp
index fa50450a9..1c48117fc 100644
--- a/src/server/internalServer_catalog.cpp
+++ b/src/server/internalServer_catalog.cpp
@@ -63,8 +63,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog(const RequestContext& r
     host = request.get_header("Host");
     url  = request.get_url_part(1);
   } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   if (url == "v2") {
@@ -72,12 +71,11 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog(const RequestContext& r
   }
 
   if (url != "searchdescription.xml" && url != "root.xml" && url != "search") {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   if (url == "searchdescription.xml") {
-    auto response = ContentResponse::build(*this, RESOURCE::opensearchdescription_xml, get_default_data(), "application/opensearchdescription+xml");
+    auto response = ContentResponse::build(RESOURCE::opensearchdescription_xml, get_default_data(), "application/opensearchdescription+xml");
     return std::move(response);
   }
 
@@ -95,7 +93,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog(const RequestContext& r
   }
 
   auto response = ContentResponse::build(
-      *this,
       opdsDumper.dumpOPDSFeed(bookIdsToDump, request.get_query()),
       opdsMimeType[OPDS_ACQUISITION_FEED]);
   return std::move(response);
@@ -111,15 +108,14 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2(const RequestContext
   try {
     url  = request.get_url_part(2);
   } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   if (url == "root.xml") {
     return handle_catalog_v2_root(request);
   } else if (url == "searchdescription.xml") {
     const std::string endpoint_root = m_root + "/catalog/v2";
-    return ContentResponse::build(*this,
+    return ContentResponse::build(
         RESOURCE::catalog_v2_searchdescription_xml,
         kainjow::mustache::object({{"endpoint_root", endpoint_root}}),
         "application/opensearchdescription+xml"
@@ -138,8 +134,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2(const RequestContext
   } else if (url == "illustration") {
     return handle_catalog_v2_illustration(request);
   } else {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 }
 
@@ -147,7 +142,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2_root(const RequestCo
 {
   const std::string libraryId = getLibraryId();
   return ContentResponse::build(
-             *this,
              RESOURCE::templates::catalog_v2_root_xml,
              kainjow::mustache::object{
                {"date", gen_date_str()},
@@ -170,7 +164,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2_entries(const Reques
   const auto bookIds = search_catalog(request, opdsDumper);
   const auto opdsFeed = opdsDumper.dumpOPDSFeedV2(bookIds, request.get_query(), partial);
   return ContentResponse::build(
-             *this,
              opdsFeed,
              opdsMimeType[OPDS_ACQUISITION_FEED]
   );
@@ -181,8 +174,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2_complete_entry(const
   try {
     mp_library->getBookById(entryId);
   } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 
   OPDSDumper opdsDumper(mp_library.get(), mp_nameMapper.get());
@@ -190,7 +182,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2_complete_entry(const
   opdsDumper.setLibraryId(getLibraryId());
   const auto opdsFeed = opdsDumper.dumpOPDSCompleteEntry(entryId);
   return ContentResponse::build(
-             *this,
              opdsFeed,
              opdsMimeType[OPDS_ENTRY]
   );
@@ -202,7 +193,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2_categories(const Req
   opdsDumper.setRootLocation(m_root);
   opdsDumper.setLibraryId(getLibraryId());
   return ContentResponse::build(
-             *this,
              opdsDumper.categoriesOPDSFeed(),
              opdsMimeType[OPDS_NAVIGATION_FEED]
   );
@@ -214,7 +204,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2_languages(const Requ
   opdsDumper.setRootLocation(m_root);
   opdsDumper.setLibraryId(getLibraryId());
   return ContentResponse::build(
-             *this,
              opdsDumper.languagesOPDSFeed(),
              opdsMimeType[OPDS_NAVIGATION_FEED]
   );
@@ -228,13 +217,11 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> InternalServer::handle_catalog_v2_illustration(const R
     auto size = request.get_argument<unsigned int>("size");
     auto illustration = book.getIllustration(size);
     return ContentResponse::build(
-               *this,
                illustration->getData(),
                illustration->mimeType
     );
   } catch(...) {
-    return HTTP404Response(*this, request)
-           + urlNotFoundMsg;
+    return UrlNotFoundResponse(request);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/server/response.cpp b/src/server/response.cpp
index bc8c85e51..8ccab1313 100644
--- a/src/server/response.cpp
+++ b/src/server/response.cpp
@@ -119,9 +119,8 @@ const char* getCacheControlHeader(Response::Kind k)
 
 } // unnamed namespace
 
-Response::Response(bool verbose)
-  : m_verbose(verbose),
-    m_returnCode(MHD_HTTP_OK)
+Response::Response()
+  : m_returnCode(MHD_HTTP_OK)
 {
   add_header(MHD_HTTP_HEADER_ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN, "*");
 }
@@ -133,14 +132,14 @@ void Response::set_kind(Kind k)
     m_etag.set_option(ETag::ZIM_CONTENT);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build(const InternalServer& server)
+std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build()
 {
-  return std::unique_ptr<Response>(new Response(server.m_verbose.load()));
+  return std::make_unique<Response>();
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build_304(const InternalServer& server, const ETag& etag)
+std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build_304(const ETag& etag)
 {
-  auto response = Response::build(server);
+  auto response = Response::build();
   response->set_code(MHD_HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED);
   response->m_etag = etag;
   if ( etag.get_option(ETag::ZIM_CONTENT) ) {
@@ -152,9 +151,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build_304(const InternalServer& server, cons
   return response;
 }
 
-const UrlNotFoundMsg urlNotFoundMsg;
-const InvalidUrlMsg invalidUrlMsg;
-
 std::string ContentResponseBlueprint::getMessage(const std::string& msgId) const
 {
   return getTranslatedString(m_request.get_user_language(), msgId);
@@ -162,19 +158,17 @@ std::string ContentResponseBlueprint::getMessage(const std::string& msgId) const
 
 std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse> ContentResponseBlueprint::generateResponseObject() const
 {
-  auto r = ContentResponse::build(m_server, m_template, m_data, m_mimeType);
+  auto r = ContentResponse::build(m_template, m_data, m_mimeType);
   r->set_code(m_httpStatusCode);
   return r;
 }
 
-HTTPErrorResponse::HTTPErrorResponse(const InternalServer& server,
-                                     const RequestContext& request,
+HTTPErrorResponse::HTTPErrorResponse(const RequestContext& request,
                                      int httpStatusCode,
                                      const std::string& pageTitleMsgId,
                                      const std::string& headingMsgId,
                                      const std::string& cssUrl)
-  : ContentResponseBlueprint(&server,
-                             &request,
+  : ContentResponseBlueprint(&request,
                              httpStatusCode,
                              request.get_requested_format() == "html" ? "text/html; charset=utf-8" : "application/xml; charset=utf-8",
                              request.get_requested_format() == "html" ? RESOURCE::templates::error_html : RESOURCE::templates::error_xml)
@@ -188,31 +182,26 @@ HTTPErrorResponse::HTTPErrorResponse(const InternalServer& server,
   };
 }
 
-HTTP404Response::HTTP404Response(const InternalServer& server,
-                                 const RequestContext& request)
-  : HTTPErrorResponse(server,
-                      request,
+HTTP404Response::HTTP404Response(const RequestContext& request)
+  : HTTPErrorResponse(request,
                       MHD_HTTP_NOT_FOUND,
                       "404-page-title",
                       "404-page-heading")
 {
 }
 
-HTTPErrorResponse& HTTP404Response::operator+(UrlNotFoundMsg /*unused*/)
+UrlNotFoundResponse::UrlNotFoundResponse(const RequestContext& request)
+    : HTTP404Response(request)
 {
   const std::string requestUrl = urlDecode(m_request.get_full_url(), false);
-  return *this + ParameterizedMessage("url-not-found", {{"url", requestUrl}});
-}
-
-HTTPErrorResponse& HTTPErrorResponse::operator+(const std::string& msg)
-{
-  m_data["details"].push_back({"p", msg});
-  return *this;
+  *this += ParameterizedMessage("url-not-found", {{"url", requestUrl}});
 }
 
 HTTPErrorResponse& HTTPErrorResponse::operator+(const ParameterizedMessage& details)
 {
-  return *this + details.getText(m_request.get_user_language());
+  const std::string msg = details.getText(m_request.get_user_language());
+  m_data["details"].push_back({"p", msg});
+  return *this;
 }
 
 HTTPErrorResponse& HTTPErrorResponse::operator+=(const ParameterizedMessage& details)
@@ -222,50 +211,40 @@ HTTPErrorResponse& HTTPErrorResponse::operator+=(const ParameterizedMessage& det
 }
 
 
-HTTP400Response::HTTP400Response(const InternalServer& server,
-                                 const RequestContext& request)
-  : HTTPErrorResponse(server,
-                      request,
+HTTP400Response::HTTP400Response(const RequestContext& request)
+  : HTTPErrorResponse(request,
                       MHD_HTTP_BAD_REQUEST,
                       "400-page-title",
                       "400-page-heading")
-{
-}
-
-HTTPErrorResponse& HTTP400Response::operator+(InvalidUrlMsg /*unused*/)
 {
   std::string requestUrl = urlDecode(m_request.get_full_url(), false);
   const auto query = m_request.get_query();
   if (!query.empty()) {
     requestUrl += "?" + encodeDiples(query);
   }
-  kainjow::mustache::mustache msgTmpl(R"(The requested URL "{{{url}}}" is not a valid request.)");
-  return *this + msgTmpl.render({"url", requestUrl});
+  *this += ParameterizedMessage("invalid-request", {{"url", requestUrl}});
 }
 
-HTTP500Response::HTTP500Response(const InternalServer& server,
-                                 const RequestContext& request)
-  : HTTPErrorResponse(server,
-                      request,
+HTTP500Response::HTTP500Response(const RequestContext& request)
+  : HTTPErrorResponse(request,
                       MHD_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
                       "500-page-title",
                       "500-page-heading")
 {
-  // operator+() is a state-modifying operator (akin to operator+=)
-  *this + "An internal server error occured. We are sorry about that :/";
+  *this += nonParameterizedMessage("500-page-text");
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse> HTTP500Response::generateResponseObject() const
 {
   const std::string mimeType = "text/html;charset=utf-8";
-  auto r = ContentResponse::build(m_server, m_template, m_data, mimeType);
+  auto r = ContentResponse::build(m_template, m_data, mimeType);
   r->set_code(m_httpStatusCode);
   return r;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build_416(const InternalServer& server, size_t resourceLength)
+std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build_416(size_t resourceLength)
 {
-  auto response = Response::build(server);
+  auto response = Response::build();
 // [FIXME] (compile with recent enough version of libmicrohttpd)
 //  response->set_code(MHD_HTTP_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE);
   response->set_code(416);
@@ -277,9 +256,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build_416(const InternalServer& server, size
 }
 
 
-std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build_redirect(const InternalServer& server, const std::string& redirectUrl)
+std::unique_ptr<Response> Response::build_redirect(const std::string& redirectUrl)
 {
-  auto response = Response::build(server);
+  auto response = Response::build();
   response->m_returnCode = MHD_HTTP_FOUND;
   response->add_header(MHD_HTTP_HEADER_LOCATION, redirectUrl);
   return response;
@@ -374,7 +353,7 @@ ContentResponse::create_mhd_response(const RequestContext& request)
   return response;
 }
 
-MHD_Result Response::send(const RequestContext& request, MHD_Connection* connection)
+MHD_Result Response::send(const RequestContext& request, bool verbose, MHD_Connection* connection)
 {
   MHD_Response* response = create_mhd_response(request);
 
@@ -390,7 +369,7 @@ MHD_Result Response::send(const RequestContext& request, MHD_Connection* connect
   if (m_returnCode == MHD_HTTP_OK && m_byteRange.kind() == ByteRange::RESOLVED_PARTIAL_CONTENT)
     m_returnCode = MHD_HTTP_PARTIAL_CONTENT;
 
-  if (m_verbose)
+  if (verbose)
     print_response_info(m_returnCode, response);
 
   auto ret = MHD_queue_response(connection, m_returnCode, response);
@@ -398,9 +377,8 @@ MHD_Result Response::send(const RequestContext& request, MHD_Connection* connect
   return ret;
 }
 
-ContentResponse::ContentResponse(const std::string& root, bool verbose, const std::string& content, const std::string& mimetype) :
-  Response(verbose),
-  m_root(root),
+ContentResponse::ContentResponse(const std::string& content, const std::string& mimetype) :
+  Response(),
   m_content(content),
   m_mimeType(mimetype)
 {
@@ -408,29 +386,23 @@ ContentResponse::ContentResponse(const std::string& root, bool verbose, const st
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse> ContentResponse::build(
-  const InternalServer& server,
   const std::string& content,
   const std::string& mimetype)
 {
-   return std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse>(new ContentResponse(
-        server.m_root,
-        server.m_verbose.load(),
-        content,
-        mimetype));
+   return std::make_unique<ContentResponse>(content, mimetype);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse> ContentResponse::build(
-  const InternalServer& server,
   const std::string& template_str,
   kainjow::mustache::data data,
   const std::string& mimetype)
 {
   auto content = render_template(template_str, data);
-  return ContentResponse::build(server, content, mimetype);
+  return ContentResponse::build(content, mimetype);
 }
 
-ItemResponse::ItemResponse(bool verbose, const zim::Item& item, const std::string& mimetype, const ByteRange& byterange) :
-  Response(verbose),
+ItemResponse::ItemResponse(const zim::Item& item, const std::string& mimetype, const ByteRange& byterange) :
+  Response(),
   m_item(item),
   m_mimeType(mimetype)
 {
@@ -439,30 +411,26 @@ ItemResponse::ItemResponse(bool verbose, const zim::Item& item, const std::strin
   add_header(MHD_HTTP_HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE, m_mimeType);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<Response> ItemResponse::build(const InternalServer& server, const RequestContext& request, const zim::Item& item)
+std::unique_ptr<Response> ItemResponse::build(const RequestContext& request, const zim::Item& item)
 {
   const std::string mimetype = get_mime_type(item);
   auto byteRange = request.get_range().resolve(item.getSize());
   const bool noRange = byteRange.kind() == ByteRange::RESOLVED_FULL_CONTENT;
   if (noRange && is_compressible_mime_type(mimetype)) {
     // Return a contentResponse
-    auto response = ContentResponse::build(server, item.getData(), mimetype);
+    auto response = ContentResponse::build(item.getData(), mimetype);
     response->set_kind(Response::ZIM_CONTENT);
     response->m_byteRange = byteRange;
     return std::move(response);
   }
 
   if (byteRange.kind() == ByteRange::RESOLVED_UNSATISFIABLE) {
-    auto response = Response::build_416(server, item.getSize());
+    auto response = Response::build_416(item.getSize());
     response->set_kind(Response::ZIM_CONTENT);
     return response;
   }
 
-  return std::unique_ptr<Response>(new ItemResponse(
-        server.m_verbose.load(),
-        item,
-        mimetype,
-        byteRange));
+  return std::make_unique<ItemResponse>(item, mimetype, byteRange);
 }
 
 MHD_Response*
diff --git a/src/server/response.h b/src/server/response.h
index 4ed07e628..b1636fa9c 100644
--- a/src/server/response.h
+++ b/src/server/response.h
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ class Archive;
 
 namespace kiwix {
 
-class InternalServer;
 class RequestContext;
 
 class Response {
@@ -54,15 +53,15 @@ class Response {
     };
 
   public:
-    Response(bool verbose);
+    Response();
     virtual ~Response() = default;
 
-    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build(const InternalServer& server);
-    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build_304(const InternalServer& server, const ETag& etag);
-    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build_416(const InternalServer& server, size_t resourceLength);
-    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build_redirect(const InternalServer& server, const std::string& redirectUrl);
+    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build();
+    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build_304(const ETag& etag);
+    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build_416(size_t resourceLength);
+    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build_redirect(const std::string& redirectUrl);
 
-    MHD_Result send(const RequestContext& request, MHD_Connection* connection);
+    MHD_Result send(const RequestContext& request, bool verbose, MHD_Connection* connection);
 
     void set_code(int code) { m_returnCode = code; }
     void set_kind(Kind k);
@@ -78,7 +77,6 @@ class Response {
 
   protected: // data
     Kind m_kind = DYNAMIC_CONTENT;
-    bool m_verbose;
     int m_returnCode;
     ByteRange m_byteRange;
     ETag m_etag;
@@ -91,18 +89,14 @@ class Response {
 class ContentResponse : public Response {
   public:
     ContentResponse(
-      const std::string& root,
-      bool verbose,
       const std::string& content,
       const std::string& mimetype);
 
     static std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse> build(
-      const InternalServer& server,
       const std::string& content,
       const std::string& mimetype);
 
     static std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse> build(
-      const InternalServer& server,
       const std::string& template_str,
       kainjow::mustache::data data,
       const std::string& mimetype);
@@ -114,7 +108,6 @@ class ContentResponse : public Response {
 
 
   private:
-    std::string m_root;
     std::string m_content;
     std::string m_mimeType;
  };
@@ -122,13 +115,11 @@ class ContentResponse : public Response {
 class ContentResponseBlueprint
 {
 public: // functions
-  ContentResponseBlueprint(const InternalServer* server,
-                           const RequestContext* request,
+  ContentResponseBlueprint(const RequestContext* request,
                            int httpStatusCode,
                            const std::string& mimeType,
                            const std::string& templateStr)
-    : m_server(*server)
-    , m_request(*request)
+    : m_request(*request)
     , m_httpStatusCode(httpStatusCode)
     , m_mimeType(mimeType)
     , m_template(templateStr)
@@ -136,14 +127,9 @@ public: // functions
 
   virtual ~ContentResponseBlueprint() = default;
 
-  operator std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse>() const
-  {
-    return generateResponseObject();
-  }
-
   operator std::unique_ptr<Response>() const
   {
-    return operator std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse>();
+    return generateResponseObject();
   }
 
 
@@ -152,7 +138,6 @@ protected: // functions
   virtual std::unique_ptr<ContentResponse> generateResponseObject() const;
 
 public: //data
-  const InternalServer& m_server;
   const RequestContext& m_request;
   const int m_httpStatusCode;
   const std::string m_mimeType;
@@ -162,48 +147,34 @@ public: //data
 
 struct HTTPErrorResponse : ContentResponseBlueprint
 {
-  HTTPErrorResponse(const InternalServer& server,
-                    const RequestContext& request,
+  HTTPErrorResponse(const RequestContext& request,
                     int httpStatusCode,
                     const std::string& pageTitleMsgId,
                     const std::string& headingMsgId,
                     const std::string& cssUrl = "");
 
-  HTTPErrorResponse& operator+(const std::string& msg);
   HTTPErrorResponse& operator+(const ParameterizedMessage& errorDetails);
   HTTPErrorResponse& operator+=(const ParameterizedMessage& errorDetails);
 };
 
-class UrlNotFoundMsg {};
-
-extern const UrlNotFoundMsg urlNotFoundMsg;
-
 struct HTTP404Response : HTTPErrorResponse
 {
-  HTTP404Response(const InternalServer& server,
-                  const RequestContext& request);
-
-  using HTTPErrorResponse::operator+;
-  HTTPErrorResponse& operator+(UrlNotFoundMsg /*unused*/);
+  explicit HTTP404Response(const RequestContext& request);
 };
 
-class InvalidUrlMsg {};
-
-extern const InvalidUrlMsg invalidUrlMsg;
+struct UrlNotFoundResponse : HTTP404Response
+{
+  explicit UrlNotFoundResponse(const RequestContext& request);
+};
 
 struct HTTP400Response : HTTPErrorResponse
 {
-  HTTP400Response(const InternalServer& server,
-                  const RequestContext& request);
-
-  using HTTPErrorResponse::operator+;
-  HTTPErrorResponse& operator+(InvalidUrlMsg /*unused*/);
+  explicit HTTP400Response(const RequestContext& request);
 };
 
 struct HTTP500Response : HTTPErrorResponse
 {
-  HTTP500Response(const InternalServer& server,
-                  const RequestContext& request);
+  explicit HTTP500Response(const RequestContext& request);
 
 private: // overrides
   // generateResponseObject() is overriden in order to produce a minimal
@@ -213,8 +184,8 @@ private: // overrides
 
 class ItemResponse : public Response {
   public:
-    ItemResponse(bool verbose, const zim::Item& item, const std::string& mimetype, const ByteRange& byterange);
-    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build(const InternalServer& server, const RequestContext& request, const zim::Item& item);
+    ItemResponse(const zim::Item& item, const std::string& mimetype, const ByteRange& byterange);
+    static std::unique_ptr<Response> build(const RequestContext& request, const zim::Item& item);
 
   private:
     MHD_Response* create_mhd_response(const RequestContext& request);
diff --git a/static/skin/i18n/en.json b/static/skin/i18n/en.json
index aaea04978..8c4a6b0bc 100644
--- a/static/skin/i18n/en.json
+++ b/static/skin/i18n/en.json
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 	, "suggest-search" : "Make a full text search for <a href=\"{{{SEARCH_URL}}}\">{{PATTERN}}</a>"
 	, "random-article-failure" :  "Oops! Failed to pick a random article :("
 	, "invalid-raw-data-type" : "{{DATATYPE}} is not a valid request for raw content."
+	, "invalid-request" : "The requested URL \"{{{url}}}\" is not a valid request."
 	, "no-value-for-arg": "No value provided for argument {{ARGUMENT}}"
 	, "no-query" : "No query provided."
 	, "raw-entry-not-found" : "Cannot find {{DATATYPE}} entry {{ENTRY}}"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@
 	, "404-page-heading" : "Not Found"
 	, "500-page-title" : "Internal Server Error"
 	, "500-page-heading" : "Internal Server Error"
+	, "500-page-text": "An internal server error occured. We are sorry about that :/"
 	, "fulltext-search-unavailable" : "Fulltext search unavailable"
 	, "no-search-results": "The fulltext search engine is not available for this content."
 	, "library-button-text": "Go to welcome page"
@@ -51,4 +53,6 @@
 	, "download-links-heading": "Download links for <b><i>{{BOOK_TITLE}}</i></b>"
 	, "download-links-title": "Download book"
 	, "preview-book": "Preview"
+	, "non-translated-text": "{{MSG}}"
+	, "unknown-error": "Unknown error"
 }
diff --git a/static/skin/i18n/qqq.json b/static/skin/i18n/qqq.json
index 18c97a609..4fa2ef94e 100644
--- a/static/skin/i18n/qqq.json
+++ b/static/skin/i18n/qqq.json
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 	"suggest-search": "Suggest a search when the URL points to a non existing article",
 	"random-article-failure": "Failure of the random article selection procedure",
 	"invalid-raw-data-type": "Invalid DATATYPE was used with the /raw endpoint (/raw/<book>/DATATYPE/...); allowed values are 'meta' and 'content'",
+	"invalid-request" : "Error text for malformed URLs.",
 	"no-value-for-arg": "Error text when no value has been provided for ARGUMENT in the request's query string",
 	"no-query": "Error text when no query has been provided for fulltext search",
 	"raw-entry-not-found": "Entry requested via the /raw endpoint was not found",
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
 	"404-page-heading": "Heading of the 404 error page",
 	"500-page-title": "Title of the 500 error page",
 	"500-page-heading": "Heading of the 500 error page",
+	"500-page-text": "Text of the 500 error page",
 	"fulltext-search-unavailable": "Title of the error page returned when search is attempted in a book without fulltext search database",
 	"no-search-results": "Text of the error page returned when search is attempted in a book without fulltext search database",
 	"library-button-text": "Tooltip of the button leading to the welcome page",
@@ -52,5 +54,7 @@
 	"welcome-to-kiwix-server": "Title shown in browser's title bar/page tab",
 	"download-links-heading": "Heading for no-js download page",
 	"download-links-title": "Title for no-js download page",
-	"preview-book": "Tooltip of book-tile leading to the book"
+	"preview-book": "Tooltip of book-tile leading to the book",
+	"non-translated-text": "Used to display text that is generated at runtime and cannot be translated. Nothing to translate about this one.",
+	"unknown-error": "Unknown error"
 }
diff --git a/static/skin/i18n/test.json b/static/skin/i18n/test.json
index 7686471ab..29def8eac 100644
--- a/static/skin/i18n/test.json
+++ b/static/skin/i18n/test.json
@@ -40,4 +40,6 @@
 	, "download-links-heading": "[I18N] Download links for <b><i>{{BOOK_TITLE}}</i></b> [TESTING]"
 	, "download-links-title": "[I18N TESTING]Download book"
 	, "preview-book": "[I18N] Preview [TESTING]"
+	, "no-query" : "[I18N TESTING] Kiwix can read your thoughts but it is against GDPR. Please provide your query explicitly."
+	, "invalid-request" : "[I18N TESTING] Invalid URL: \"{{{url}}}\""
 }
diff --git a/test/server.cpp b/test/server.cpp
index 73ba7b1ff..86171cd4a 100644
--- a/test/server.cpp
+++ b/test/server.cpp
@@ -927,6 +927,19 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, Http400HtmlError)
       Too many books requested (4) where limit is 3
     </p>
 )"  },
+
+    // Testing of translation
+    { /* url */ "/ROOT%23%3F/search?content=zimfile&userlang=test",
+      expected_page_title=="[I18N TESTING] Invalid request ($400 fine must be paid)" &&
+      expected_body==R"(
+    <h1>[I18N TESTING] -400 karma for an invalid request</h1>
+    <p>
+      [I18N TESTING] Invalid URL: "/ROOT%23%3F/search?content=zimfile&userlang=test"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [I18N TESTING] Kiwix can read your thoughts but it is against GDPR. Please provide your query explicitly.
+    </p>
+)"  },
   };
 
   for ( const auto& t : testData ) {